Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 194-197 , July 2005

Systemic Hypertension: An Endemic, Epidemic, and a Pandemic

  • Daniel T. Lackland

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Daniel T. Lackland, Dr PH, Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St, Charleston, SC 29425.

References 

  1. Cumston CG . An Introduction to the History of Medicine . New York: Alfred A. Knopf; 1926;
  2. Timmreck TC . An Introduction to Epidemiology . Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2002;
  3. Snow J . On the Mode of Communication of Cholera . 2nd ed.. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 1953;
  4. Murray CJL , Lopez AD . Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors (Global burden of disease study) . Lancet . 1997;349:1436–1442
  5. McGinnis JM , Foege WH . Actual causes of death in the United States . JAMA . 1993;270:2207–2212
  6. Ezzati M , Lopez AD , Rodgers A , et al.   Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease . Lancet . 2002;360:1347–1360
  7. Arias E , Anderson RN , Hsiang-Ching K , et al.   Deaths (Final data for 2001) . In: National Vital Statistics Report . 52: Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2003;p. 1–116
  8. Roccella EJ , Lenfant C . Regional and racial differences among stroke victims in the United States . Clin Cardiol . 1989;12(suppl IV):IV18–IV22
  9. Lackland DT , Moore MA . Hypertension-related mortality and morbidity in the Southeast . South Med J . 1997;90:191–198
  10. Perry HM , Roccella EJ . Conference report on stroke mortality in the southeastern United States . Hypertension . 1998;31:1206–1215
  11. Lackland DT , Egan BM , Jones PJ . Impact of nativity and race on “stroke belt” mortality . Hypertension . 1999;34:57–62
  12. Lackland DT , Bachman DL , Carter TD , et al.   The geographic variation in stroke incidence in two areas of the Southeastern Stroke Belt. The Anderson and Pee Dee Stroke Study . Stroke . 1998;29:2061–2068
  13. Kannel WB , Dawber JR , McGee DL . Perspectives in systolic hypertension in the Framingham Study . Circulation . 1982;61:1179–1182
  14. Kannel WB . Framingham Study insights into hypertensive risk of cardiovascular diseases . Hypertens Res . 1995;18:181–196
  15. Himmelmann A , Hedner T , Hansson L , et al.   Isolated systolic hypertension (An important cardiovascular risk factor) . Blood Press . 1998;7:197–207
  16. Kannel WB . Hypertension as a risk factor for cardiac events—epidemiologic results of long-term studies . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1993;21(suppl 2):S27–S37
  17. Brazy PC . Epidemiology and prevention of renal disease . Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens . 1993;2:211–215
  18. Phillips SJ , Whisnant JP . Hypertension and the brain. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program . Arch Intern Med . 1992;152:938–947
  19. Wolf PA , D’Agostina RB , Belanger DJ , et al.   Probability of stroke (A risk profile from the Framingham Study) . Stroke . 1991;22:312–318
  20. Lackland DT , Keil JE , Gazes PC , et al.   Outcomes of black and white hypertensive individuals after 30 years of follow-up . Clin Exp Hypertens . 1995;17:1091–1105
  21. Shea S , Missa D , Ehrlich MH , et al.   Predisposing factors for severe uncontrolled hypertension in an inner city minority population . N Engl J Med . 1992;327:776–781
  22. Webster J , Petrie JC , Jeffers TA , et al.   Accelerated hypertension—patterns of mortality and clinical factors affecting outcome in treated patients . QJM . 1993;86:485–491
  23. Burt VL , Cutler JA , Higgins M , et al.   Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991 . Hypertension . 1995;26:60–69
  24. Hajjar I , Kothen TA . Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000 . JAMA . 2003;290:199–206
  25. Davy KP , Hall JE . Obesity and hypertension (two epidemics or one?) . Am J Physiol . 2004;286:R803–R813
  26. Day JC . In: Population Projection of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1995 to 2050 . Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census Current Population Reports, US Government Printing Office; 1996;p. 25–1130
  27. Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , et al.   The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (the JNC 7 report) . JAMA . 2003;289:2560–2571
  28. Rose G . The strategy for prevention (Lessons from cardiovascular disease) . BMJ . 1981;282:1847–1851

PII: S0270-9295(05)00028-8

doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.02.003

Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 194-197 , July 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution