Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 261-271 , July 2005

Renovascular Hypertension: Current Concepts

  • Vesna Garovic
    • ,
  • Stephen C. Textor

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Stephen C. Textor, MD, From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic W9A, 200 S. First Street, Rochester, MN 55905.

References 

  1. Gray BH , Olin JW , Childs MB , et al.   Clinical benefit of renal artery angioplasty with stenting for the control of recurrent and refractory congestive heart failure . Vasc Med . 2002;7:275–279
  2. Murphy TP , Soares G , Kim M . Increase in utilization of percutaneous renal artery interventions by Medicare beneficiaries 1996–2000 . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2004;183:561–568
  3. Plouin PF . Stable patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should be treated first with medical management (PRO) . Am J Kidney Dis . 2003;42:851–857
  4. Mailloux LU . Atherosclerotic ischemic renal vascular disease (Do published outcomes justify the overzealous diagnostic approaches?) . Semin Nephrol . 2003;23:278–282
  5. Textor SC . Ischemic nephropathy (Where are we now?) . J Am Soc Nephrol . 2004;15:1974–1982
  6. Textor SC . Pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension . In:  Hallett JW ,  Mills JL ,  Earnshaw JJ editor. Comprehensive Vascular and Endovascular Surgery . Edinburgh: Mosby1; 2004;p. 303–313
  7. Cragg AH , Smith TP , Thompson BH , et al.   Incidental fibromuscular dysplasia in potential renal donors (Long-term clinical follow-up) . Radiology . 1989;172:145–147
  8. Neymark E , LaBerge JM , Hirose R , et al.   Arteriographic detection of renovascular disease in potential renal donors (Incidence and effect on donor surgery) . Radiology . 2000;214:755–760
  9. Maxwell MH , Bleifer KH , Franklin SS , et al.   Cooperative study of renovascular hypertension (demographic analysis of the study) . JAMA . 1972;220:1195–1204
  10. Krijnen P , van Jaarsveld BC , Steyerberg EW , et al.   A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis . Ann Intern Med . 1998;129:705–711
  11. Hansen KJ , Edwards MS , Craven TE , et al.   Prevalence of renovascular disease in the elderly (A population based study) . J Vasc Surg . 2002;36:443–451
  12. Rihal CS , Textor SC , Breen JF , et al.   Incidental renal artery stenosis among a prospective cohort of hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography . Mayo Clin Proc . 2002;77:309–316
  13. Olin JW , Melia M , Young JR , et al.   Prevalence of atherosclerotic RAS in patients with atherosclerosis elsewhere . Am J Med . 1990;88:46N–51N
  14. Harding MB , Smith LR , Himmelstein SI , et al.   Renal artery stenosis (Prevalence and associated risk factors in patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization) . J Am Soc Nephrol . 1992;2:1608–1616
  15. Textor SC , McKusick M . Renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy (Angioplasty and stenting) . In:  Brady HR ,  Wilcox CS editor. Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension . London: WB Saunders; 2003;p. 599–609
  16. Goldblatt H , Lynch J , Hanzal RE , et al.   Studies on experimental hypertension I (The production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia) . J Exp Med . 1934;59:347–379
  17. DeForrest JM , Knappenberger RC , Antonaccio MJ , et al.   Angiotensin II is a necessary component for the development of hypertension in the two-kidney, one clip rat . Am J Cardiol . 1982;49:1515–1517
  18. Basso N , Terragno NA . History about the discovery of the renin-angiotensin system . Hypertension . 2001;38:1246–1249
  19. Cervenka L , Horacek V , Vaneckova I , et al.   Essential role of AT1-A receptor in the development of 1K1C hypertension . Hypertension . 2002;40:735–741
  20. Maxwell MH , Marks LS , Lupu AN , et al.   Predictive value of renin determinations in renal artery stenosis . JAMA . 1977;238:2617–2620
  21. Grim CE , Weinberger MH . Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension (The case for renin assays) . In:  Narins RG editors. Controversies in Nephrology and Hypertension . New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1984;p. 109–122
  22. Gavras H , Brunner HR , Vaughan ED , et al.   Angiotensin-sodium interaction in blood pressure maintenance of renal hypertensive and normotensive rats . Science . 1973;180:1369–1370
  23. Strong CG , Hunt JC , Sheps SG , et al.   Renal venous renin activity (Enhancement of sensitivity of lateralization by sodium depletion) . Am J Cardiol . 1971;27:602–611
  24. Rossi GP , Cesari M , Chiesura-Corona M , et al.   Renal vein renin measurements accurately identify renovascular hypertension caused by total occlusion of the renal artery . J Hypertens . 2002;20:975–984
  25. Kane GC , Textor SC , Schirger A , et al.   Revisiting the role of nephrectomy for advanced renovascular disease . Am J Med . 2003;114:729–735
  26. Iantorno M , Pola R , Schinzari F , et al.   Association between altered circadian blood pressure profile and cardiac end-organ damage in patients with renovascular hypertension . Cardiology . 2003;100:114–119
  27. Ibrahim HN , Rosenberg ME , Hostetter TH . Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of renal disease (A critical review) . Semin Nephrol . 1997;17:431–440
  28. Brown JJ , Davies DL , Morton JJ , et al.   Mechanism of renal hypertension . Lancet . 1976;1:1219–1221
  29. Lerman LO , Nath KA , Rodriguez-Porcel M , et al.   Increased oxidative stress in experimental renovascular hypertension . Hypertension . 2001;37:541–546
  30. Higashi Y , Sasaki S , Nakagawa K , et al.   Endothelial function and oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension . N Engl J Med . 2002;346:1954–1962
  31. Parildar M , Parildar Z , Oran I , et al.   Nitric oxide and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension (Effect of endovascular treatment) . J Vasc Interv Radiol . 2004;14:887–892
  32. Chade AR , Rodriguez-Porcel M , Grande JP , et al.   Distinct renal injury in early atherosclerosis and renovascular disease . Circulation . 2002;106:1165–1171
  33. Griendling KK , Fitzgerald GA . Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: Basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS . Circulation . 2003;108:1912–1916
  34. Lerman A , Edwards BS , Hallett JW , et al.   Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis . N Engl J Med . 1991;325:997–1001
  35. Grisk O , Rettig R . Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the kidneys in arterial hypertension . Cardiovasc Res . 2004;61:238–246
  36. Atkinson AB , Brown JJ , Davies DL , et al.   Hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome with renal artery occlusion corrected by captopril . Lancet . 1979;2:606–609
  37. Hughes JS , Dove HG , Gifford RW , et al.   Duration of blood pressure elevation in accurately predicting cure of renovascular hypertension . Am Heart J . 1981;101:408–413
  38. Kooner JS , Peart WS , Mathias CJ . The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension due to unilateral renal artery stenosis in man . Clin Auton Res . 1991;1:195–204
  39. Textor SC . ACE inhibitors in renovascular hypertension . Cardiovasc Drugs Ther . 1990;4:229–235
  40. Postma CT , Joosten FB , Rosenbusch G , et al.   Magnetic resonance angiography has a high reliability in the detection of renal artery stenosis . Am J Hypertens . 1997;10:957–963
  41. Leung DA , Hagspiel KD , Angle JF , et al.   MR angiography of the renal arteries . Radiol Clin North Am . 2002;40:847–865
  42. Radermacher J , Weinkove R , Haller H . Techniques for predicting favourable response to renal angioplasty in patients with renovascular disease . Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens . 2002;10:799–805
  43. Radermacher J , Chavan A , Bleck J , et al.   Use of Doppler ultrasonography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery stenosis . N Engl J Med . 2001;344:410–417
  44. Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , et al.   The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (The JNC 7 Report) . JAMA . 2003;289:2560–2572
  45. Forbes JM , Hewitson TD , Becker GJ , et al.   Simultaneous blockade of endothelin A and B receptors in ischemic acute renal failure is detrimental to long-term kidney function . Kidney Int . 2001;59:1333–1341
  46. Losito A , Gaburri M , Errico R , et al.   Survival of patients with renovascular disease and ACE inhibition . Clin Nephrol . 1999;52:339–343
  47. Taler SJ , Textor SC , Augustine JE . Resistant hypertension (Comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care) . Hypertension . 2002;39:982–988
  48. Dorros G , Jaff M , Mathiak L , et al.   Four-year follow-up of Palmaz-Schatz stent revascularization as treatment for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis . Circulation . 1998;98:642–647
  49. Hollenberg NK . Medical therapy for renovascular hypertension (A review) . Am J Hypertens . 1988;1:338s–343s
  50. Franklin SS , Smith RD . Comparison of effects of enalapril plus hydrochlorothiazide versus standard triple therapy on renal function in renovascular hypertension . Am J Med . 1985;79(suppl 3c):14–23
  51. Hricik DE , Browning PJ , Kopelman R , et al.   Captopril-induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney . N Engl J Med . 1983;308:373–376
  52. Zimmerman BG . Renal vascular reactivity to U46619 and adrenergic agonists in Goldblatt hypertension . Am J Physiol . 1987;253:H1523–H1529
  53. van de Ven PJG , Beutler JJ , Kaatee R , et al.   Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced renal dysfunction in atherosclerotic renovascular disease . Kidney Int . 1998;53:986–993
  54. Veniant M , Heudes D , Clozel JP , et al.   Calcium blockade versus ACE inhibition in clipped and unclipped kidneys of 2K-1C rats . Kidney Int . 1994;46:421–429
  55. Devoy MA , Tomson CR , Edmunds ME , et al.   Deterioration in renal function associated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is not always reversible . J Intern Med . 1992;232:493–498
  56. Schoolwerth AC , Sica DA , Ballermann BJ , et al.   Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy . Circulation . 2001;104:1985–1991
  57. Wenting GJ , Derkx FH , Tan-Tijiong LH , et al.   Risks of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renal artery stenosis . Kidney Int . 1987;20(suppl 1):S180–S183
  58. Jackson B , Matthews PG , McGrath BP , et al.   Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renovascular hypertension (Frequency of reversible renal failure) . Lancet . 1984;i:225–226
  59. Hollenberg NK . Medical therapy of renovascular hypertension (Efficacy and safety of captopril in 269 patients) . Cardiovasc Rev Rep . 1983;4:852–876
  60. Textor SC . Renal failure related to ACE inhibitors . Semin Nephrol . 1997;17:67–76
  61. Oster JR , Materson BJ . Renal and electrolyte complications of congestive heart failure and effects of therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors . Arch Intern Med . 1992;152:704–710
  62. Hricik DE . Captopril-induced renal insufficiency and the role of sodium balance . Ann Intern Med . 1985;103:222–223
  63. Patrono C , Dunn MJ . The clinical significance of inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis . Kidney Int . 1987;32:1–12
  64. Hall JE , Guyton AC , Jackson TE , et al.   Control of glomerular filtration rate by renin-angiotensin system . Am J Physiol . 1977;233:F366–F372
  65. Bell GM , Reid J , Buist TAS . Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty improves blood pressure and renal function in renovascular hypertension . QJM . 1987;63:393–403
  66. Sos TA , Pickering TG , Sniderman KW , et al.   Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty in renovascular hypertension due to atheroma of fibromuscular dysplasia . N Engl J Med . 1983;309:274–279
  67. Tegtmeyer CJ , Kellum CD , Ayers C . Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the renal artery (Results and long-term follow-up) . Radiology . 1984;153:77–84
  68. Harden PN , Macleod MJ , Rodger RS , et al.   Effect of renal-artery stenting on progression of renovascular renal failure . Lancet . 1997;349:1133–1136
  69. Ramsay LE , Waller PC . Blood pressure response to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renovascular hypertension (An overview of published series) . BMJ . 1990;300:569–572
  70. Blum U , Krumme B , Fluegel P , et al.   Treatment of ostial renal-artery stenoses with vascular endoprostheses after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty . N Engl J Med . 1997;336:459–465
  71. van de Ven PJ , Kaatee R , Beutler JJ , et al.   Arterial stenting and balloon angioplasty in ostial atherosclerotic renovascular disease (A randomised trial) . Lancet . 1999;353:282–286
  72. Isles CG , Robertson S , Hill D . Management of renovascular disease (A review of renal artery stenting in ten studies) . QJM . 1999;92:159–167
  73. Tuttle KF , Chouinard RF , Webber JT , et al.   Treatment of atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis with the intravascular stent . Am J Kidney Dis . 1998;32:611–622
  74. Ivanovic V , McKusick MA , Johnson CM , et al.   Renal artery stent placement (Complications at a single tertiary care center) . J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 2003;14:217–225
  75. Gill KS , Fowler RC . Atherosclerotic renal arterial stenosis (Clinical outcomes of stent placement for hypertension and renal failure) . Radiology . 2003;226:821–826
  76. Webster J , Marshall F , Abdalla M , et al.   Randomised comparison of percutaneous angioplasty vs continued medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atheromatous renal artery stenosis . J Hum Hypertens . 1998;12:329–335
  77. van Jaarsveld BC , Krijnen P , Pieterman H , et al.   The effect of balloon angioplasty on hypertension in atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis . N Engl J Med . 2000;342:1007–1014
  78. Plouin PF , Chatellier G , Darne B , et al.   Blood pressure outcome of angioplasty in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (A randomized trial) . Hypertension . 1998;31:822–829
  79. Nordmann AJ , Woo K , Parkes R , et al.   Balloon angioplasty or medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . Am J Med . 2003;114:44–50
  80. Ives NJ , Wheatley K , Stowe RL , et al.   Continuing uncertainty about the value of percutaneous revascularization in atherosclerotic renovascular disease (A meta-analysis of randomized trials) . Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2003;18:298–304
  81. Weibull H , Bergqvist D , Bergentz SE , et al.   Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty versus surgical reconstruction of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (A prospective randomized study) . J Vasc Surg . 1993;18:841–850
  82. Uzzo RG , Novick AC , Goormastic M , et al.   Medical versus surgical management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis . Transplant Proc . 2002;34:723–725
  83. Bales GT , Fellner SK , Chodak GW , et al.   Laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomy for renin-mediated hypertension . Urology . 1994;43:874–877
  84. Dorros G , Jaff M , Mathiak L , et al.   Multicenter Palmaz stent renal artery stenosis revascularization registry report (Four-year follow-up of 1,058 successful patients) . Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent . 2002;55:182–188
  85. Chabova V , Schirger A , Stanson AW , et al.   Outcomes of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis managed without revascularization . Mayo Clin Proc . 2000;75:437–444
  86. Kennedy DJ , Colyer WR , Brewster PS , et al.   Renal insufficiency as a predictor of adverse events and mortality after renal artery stent placement . Am J Kidney Dis . 2003;14:926–935
  87. Textor SC . Progressive hypertension in a patient with “incidental” renal artery stenosis . Hypertension . 2002;40:595–600
  88. Caps MT , Perissinotto C , Zierler RE , et al.   Prospective study of atherosclerotic disease progression in the renal artery . Circulation . 1998;98:2866–2872
  89. Caps MT , Zierler RE , Polissar NL , et al.   Risk of atrophy in kidneys with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis . Kidney Int . 1998;53:735–742
  90. Textor SC . Stable patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should be treated first with medical management (CON) . Am J Kidney Dis . 2003;42:858–863
  91. Textor SC . Renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy . In:  Brenner BM editors. Brenner and Rector’s (The Kidney) . Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004;p. 2065–2108

PII: S0270-9295(05)00035-5

doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.02.010

Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 261-271 , July 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution