« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 29, Issue 4
, Pages 349-359
, July 2009
Update on Childhood Urinary Tract Infection and Vesicoureteral Reflux
References
- . Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:302–308
- . Infant vesicoureteral reflux: a comparison between patients presenting with a prenatal diagnosis and those presenting with a urinary tract infection. Urology. 2003;61:442–446
- . Incidence and severity of vesicoureteral reflux in children related to age, gender, race and diagnosis. J Urol. 2003;170:1548–1550
- . Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner BM editors. Brenner & Rector's the kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007;p. 1203–1238
- . Urinary tract pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in Turkish children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:1327–1328
- . Febrile urinary tract infection in children: ampicillin and trimethoprim insufficient as empirical mono-therapy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:597–602
- Antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:380–388
- . Microbial virulence determinants and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17:261–278
- . Origins and virulence mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Exp Mol Pathol. 2008;85:11–19
- . Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. PLoS Med/Public Library of Science. 2007;4:e329;http://www.plos.org/journals/[cited 2008 November 10]
- . Minireview: functions of the renal tract epithelium in coordinating the innate immune response to infection. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1334–1344
- . Pyelonephritis and other infections, reflux nephropathy, hydronephrosis, and nephrolithiasis. In: Jennette CJ, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG editor. Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;p. 991–1081
- . Mechanisms of renal damage owing to infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1043–1053
- A genetic basis of susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e825;http://www.plos.org/journals/[cited 2008 November 10]
- . Feverish illness in children—assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years. In: Welsh A editors. CG47 (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: clinical guidelines). London: RCOG Press; 2007;http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG47Guidance.pdf[accessed June 23, 2009].
- Does this child have a urinary tract infection?. JAMA. 2007;298:2895–2904
- . A head-to-head comparison: “clean-void” bag versus catheter urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young children. J Pediatrics. 2005;147:451–456
- . To clean or not to clean: effect on contamination rates in midstream urine collections in toilet-trained children. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e1288–e1293
- . Cleaning of the perineal/genital area before urine collection from toilet-trained children prevented sample contamination. Evid Based Med. 2007;12:178
- . Screening tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e54
- . Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics. 2005;5:4
- . Diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:417–422
- . Evolving concepts in the evaluation of the child with a urinary tract infection. J Pediatrics. 1994;124:589–592
- . Recurrent urinary tract infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982;1:271–281
- . Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever. J Pediatrics. 1994;124:513–519
- Clinical and demographic factors associated with urinary tract infection in young febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2005;116:644–648
- . The evolving approach to the young child who has fever and no obvious source. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25:1087–1115
- . Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;17:CD003772
- Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatrics. 2008;167:1037–1047
- . Ceftibuten versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for oral treatment of febrile urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:521–526
- The American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infections: Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics. 1999;103:843–852
- . Urinary tract infection. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P editor. Pediatric nephrology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2004;p. 1007–1025
- Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study Trials. Pediatrics. 2008;122:486–490
- Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2007;335:386
- Does early treatment of urinary tract infection prevent renal damage?. [cited 2008 November 10] Pediatrics. 2007;120:e922–e928http://pediatrics.aappublications.org
- . Short versus standard duration oral antibiotic therapy for acute urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;1:CD003966
- . Urinary tract infection: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management of urinary tract infection in children. CG54, i-136 London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007;
- . Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD001534
- . Cortical scintigraphy in the evaluation of renal parenchymal changes in children with pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 1994;124:17–20
- Acute pyelonephritis and sequelae of renal scar in pediatric first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:362–365
- Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Pediatrics. 1999;104:79–86
- . Therapy insight: what nephrologists need to know about primary vesicoureteral reflux. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3:551–563
- . Chronic pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteric reflex. Clin Radiol. 1960;11:219–231
- . The relationship of vesico-ureteric reflux to urinary tract infection and chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 1973;1:132–141
- Development and progression of clubbing and scarring in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Radiology. 1974;113:145–153
- . Update on dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning in children with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:221–226
- Five-year study of medical or surgical treatment in children with severe vesico-ureteral reflux dimercaptosuccinic acid findings (International Reflux Study Group in Europe). Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:753–758
- ACE I/D gene polymorphism predicts renal damage in congenital uropathies. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13:514–518
- . Renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis. Arch Dis Child. 1994;70:111–115
- . The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:713–729
- . Virulence-associated traits in Escherichia coli causing first and recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection in children with or without vesicoureteral reflux. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:561–569
- Implications of certain genetic polymorphisms in scarring in vesicoureteric reflux: importance of ACE polymorphism. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34:140–145
- Risk factors in the development of early renal cortical defects in children with urinary tract infection. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1393–1397
- . Congenitally small kidneys with reflux as a common cause of nephropathy in boys. Kidney Int. 1997;52:811–816
- . The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening. J Urol. 1992;148:1739–1742
- . The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol. 1997;80:319–327
- . The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children. J Urol. 1998;160:1019–1022
- . Relationship between dysfunctional voiding and reflux. J Urol. 1992;148:1703–1705
- . Vesicoureteral reflux and voiding dysfunction: a prospective study. J Urol. 1989;142:494–498
- . Historical clues to the complex of dysfunctional voiding, urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux (The International Reflux Study in Children). J Urol. 1992;148:1699–1702
- . Functional constipation in children. J Urol. 2004;171:2641–2643
- . Constipation and urinary tract infection. Pediatrics. 1973;52:241–245
- . Constipation, bladder instability, urinary tract infection syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1985;23:152–154
- . Wetting and functional voiding disorders. Urol Clin North Am. 1995;22:75–93
- 10 years' experience with regular haemodialysis and renal transplantation. Arch Dis Child. 1980;55:435–445
- Chronic renal failure in children: an epidemiological survey in Lorraine (France) 1975-1990. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994;8:472–476
- . Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007;298:179–186
- . Ambulatory blood pressure 16-26 years after the first urinary tract infection in childhood. J Hypertens. 2000;18:485–491
- . Pediatric hypertension as a delayed sequela of reflux-induced chronic pyelonephritis. J Urol. 1977;118:644–646
- Clinical course of 735 children and adolescents with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:981–988
- . Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan in the evaluation of hypertension in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:435–438
- . The glomerular changes in children with reflux nephropathy. J Pathol. 1990;162:245–253
- Focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis in reflux nephropathy. Am J Med. 1980;68:886–892
- Glomerular permselectivity to macromolecules in reflux nephropathy: microalbuminuria during acute hyperfiltration due to aminoacid infusion. Clin Nephrol. 1993;40:299–307
- Pregnancy-related complications in women with reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 1994;41:50–55
- . Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ. 1989;299:703–706
- Pregnancy in women with reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1996;50:593–599
- . Complications of pregnancy in women after childhood reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux: an update with 25 years of follow-up. J Urol. 1995;154:787–790
- . Childhood reflux and urinary infection: a follow-up of 10-41 years in 226 adults. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12:727–736
- . Vesicoureteric reflux and urinary calculi in children. Br J Urol. 1989;64:10–12
- . Predictive factors of resolution of primary vesico-ureteric reflux: a multivariate analysis. BJU Int. 2006;97:1063–1068
- . Medical management of mild and moderate vesicoureteral reflux: followup studies of infants and young children (A preliminary report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group). J Urol. 1992;148:1683–1687
- . The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 2000;163:269–273
- Cessation of vesicoureteral reflux for 5 years in infants and children allocated to medical treatment (The International Reflux Study in Children). J Urol. 1992;148:1662–1666
- . Antibiotics for the prevention of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr. 2001;138:868–874
- . Antibiotics and surgery for vesicoureteric reflux: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:688–694
- . Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:739–744
- . Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006;117:626–632
- Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? (A randomized, controlled trial). [cited 2008 November 10] Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1489–e1494http://pediatrics.aappublications.org
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 2008;179:674–679
- . High grade vesicoureteral reflux: analysis of observational therapy. J Urol. 1990;144:537–540
- . Results of a randomized clinical trial of medical versus surgical management of infants and children with grades III and IV primary vesicoureteral reflux (United States) (The International Reflux Study in Children). J Urol. 1992;148:1667–1673
- . A new technique for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 1984;131:456–458
- . Minimally invasive extravesical ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 2002;167:1821–1823
- . Laparoscopic extravesicular ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux: recent technical advances. J Endourol. 2000;14:589–593
- Endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux: a meta-analysis. I. Reflux resolution and urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2006;175:716–722
- . Results of surgery for vesicoureteral reflux in children: 6 years' experience in an Asian country. Pediatr Surg Int. 1998;13:138–140
Dr. Mattoo is supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
PII: S0270-9295(09)00048-5
doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.011
© 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 29, Issue 4
, Pages 349-359
, July 2009
