Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 29, Issue 4 , Pages 360-369 , July 2009

Renal Manifestations of Systemic Illness in Children

  • Keisha L. Gibson, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • UNC Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
  • ,
  • Debbie S. Gipson, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • UNC Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
  • ,
  • Susan F. Massengill, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Levine Children's Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte, NC
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Susan F. Massengill, MD, Director, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Levine Children's Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28203

References 

  1. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Adrassy K, Bacon PA, Churg J, Gross WL, et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides (Proposal of an international consensus conference). Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:187–192
  2. Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis (Summary). Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1135–1136
  3. Pinna GS, Kafetzis DA, Tselkas OI, Skevaki CL. Kawasaki disease: an overview. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:263–270
  4. Oates-Whitehead RM, Baumer JH, Haines L, Love S, Maconochie IK, Gupta A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4:CD004000
  5. Baumer JH, Love SJ, Gupta A, Haines L, Maconochie IK, Dua JS. Salicylate for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD004175
  6. Watanabe T, Abe Y, Sato S, Uehara Y, Ikeno K, Abe T. Sterile pyuria in patients with Kawasaki disease originates from both the urethra and kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:987–991
  7. El Karoui K, Servais A, Fadel F, Jablonski M, Fakhouri F, Lesavre P, et al. Acute renal failure and febrile rash-infectious or not? (Adult Kawasaki disease). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:949–951
  8. Wang JN, Chiou YY, Chiu NT, Chen MJ, Lee BF, Wu JM. Renal scarring sequelae in childhood Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:684–689
  9. Nardi PM, Haller JO, Friedman AP, Slovis TL, Schaffer RM. Renal manifestations of Kawasaki's disease. Pediatr Radiol. 1985;15:116–118
  10. Wyatt RJ, Kritchevsky SB, Woodford SY, Miller PM, Roy S, Holland NH, et al. IgA nephropathy: long-term prognosis for pediatric patients. J Pediatr. 1995;127:913–919
  11. Ronkainen J, Ala-Houhala M, Autio-Harmainen , Jahnukainen T, Koskimies O, Merenmies J, et al. Long-term outcome 19 years after childhood IgA nephritis: a retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:1266–1273
  12. Coppo R, Mazzucco G, Cagnoli L, Lupo A, Schena FP. Long-term prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein nephritis in adults and children (Italian Group of Renal Immunopathology Collaborative Study on Henoch-Schönlein purpura). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2277–2283
  13. Weiss PF, Feinstein JA, Luan X, Burnham JM, Feudtner C. Effects of corticosteroids on Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1079–1087
  14. Dudley J, Smith GC, Llewellyn-Edwards A, Tizard J. Randomised placebo controlled trial to assess the role of early prednisolone on the development and progression of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:47A
  15. Gibson KL, Amamoo MA, Primack WA. Corticosteroid therapy for Henoch- Schönlein purpura. Pediatrics. 2008;121:870–871
  16. Perfumo F, Martini A. Lupus nephritis in children. Lupus. 2005;14:83–88
  17. Hagelberg S, Lee Y, Bargman J, Mah G, Schneider R, Laskin C, et al. Longterm followup of childhood lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2635–2642
  18. Lee BS, Cho HY, Kim EJ, Kang HG, Ha IS, Cheong HI, et al. Clinical outcomes of childhood lupus nephritis: a single center's experience. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:222–231
  19. Baqi N, Moazami S, Singh A, Ahmad H, Balachandra S, Tejani A. Lupus nephritis in children: a longitudinal study of prognostic factors and therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:924–929
  20. Yang LY, Chen WP, Lin CY. Lupus nephritis in children—a review of 167 patients. Pediatrics. 1994;94:335–340
  21. Austin HA, Klippel JH, Galow JE, le Riche NG, Steinberg AD, Plotz PH, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis: controlled study of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:614–619
  22. Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, Kim MY, Buyon J, Merrill JT, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2219–2228
  23. Appel GB, Dooley MA, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Jayne D, Solomons N, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil compared with intravenous cyclophosphamide as induction therapy for lupus nephritis: Aspreva Lupus Management Study (ALMS) results (Free communication: late-breaking interventions in glomerular disease and diabetic nephropathy). American Society of Nephrology Renal Week (J Am Soc Nephrol [abstract]). 2007;18:47A
  24. Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, Lenz O, Tozman E, O'Nan P, et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:971–980
  25. Lenz O, Fornoni A, Contreras G. Defining the role of mycophenolate mofetil in proliferative lupus nephritis. Drugs. 2005;65:2429–2436
  26. Lau KK, Ault BH, Jones DP, Butani L. Induction therapy for pediatric focal proliferative lupus nephritis: cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil. J Pediatr Health Care. 2008;22:282–288
  27. Fujinaga S, Ohtomo Y, Hara S, Umino D, Someya T, Shimizu T, et al. Maintenance therapy with mycophenolate mofetil for children with severe lupus nephritis after low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1877–1882
  28. Clinical trials.gov A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Subjects with ISN/RPS Class III or IV Lupus Nephritis (LUNAR). http//www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00282347?term=lunar&rank=1
  29. Podolskaya A, Stadermann M, Pilkington C, Marks SD, Tullus K. B cell depletion therapy for 19 patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93:401–406
  30. De Lind Van Winjgaarden RA, Hauer HA, Wolterbeek R, Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Clinical and histologic determinants of renal outcome in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a prospective analysis of 100 patients with severe renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2264–2274
  31. Westman KW, Bygren PG, Olsson H, Ranstam J, Wieslander J. Relapse rate, renal survival, and cancer morbidity in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis with renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:842–852
  32. Hogan SL, Falk RJ, Chin H, Cai J, Jennette CE, Jennette JC, et al. Predictors of relapse and treatment resistance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:I22
  33. Henke D, Falk RJ, Gabriel DA. Successful treatment of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with activated factor VII. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:493–494
  34. Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS, Hogan SL, Henke DC, Falk RJ. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:1149–1153
  35. Gaskin G, Pusey CD. Plasmapheresis in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Ther Apher. 2001;5:176–181
  36. Gazarian M, Feldman BM, Benson LN, Gilday DL, Laxer RM, Silverman ED. Assessment of myocardial perfusion and function in childhood systemic lupus erythematosis. J Pediatr. 1998;132:109–116
  37. Karrar A, Sequiera W, Block JA. Coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2001;30:436–443
  38. Kavey RW, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, NcCrindle BW, Newburger JW, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association expert panel on population and prevention science; the councils on cardiovascular disease in the young, epidemiology and prevention, nutrition, physical activity and metabolism, high blood pressure research, cardiovascular nursing and the kidney in heart disease; and the interdisciplinary working group on quality of care and outcomes research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2006;114:2710–2738
  39. Sandborg C, Ardoin SP, Schanberg L. Therapy insight: cardiovascular disease in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4:258–265
  40. Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:507–515
  41. Neilson EG. Pathogenesis and therapy of interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 1989;35:1257–1270
  42. Joss N, Morris S, Young B, Geddes C. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:222–230
  43. Gobel U, Kettritz R, Schneider W, Luft FC. The protean face of renal sarcoidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:616–623
  44. Berliner AR, Haas M, Choi MJ. Sarcoidosis: the nephrologist's perspective. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:856–870
  45. Rizzato G. Extrapulmonary presentation of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;7:295–297
  46. Birnbacher R, Balzar E, Aufricht C, Schmaldienst S, Woloszczuk W, Forster E. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis: an immunological disorder?. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:193–195
  47. Herlitz LC, Chun MJ, Stokes MB, Markowitz GS. Uveitis and acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2007;72:1554–1557
  48. Izzedine H, Bodaghi B, Launay-Vacher V, Deray G. Oculorenal manifestations in systemic autoimmune diseases. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:209–222
  49. Eddy A. Experimental insights into the tubulointerstitial disease company primary glomerular lesions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;5:1273–1287
  50. Harris D. Tubulointerstitial renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001;10:303–313
  51. Meyers CM. New insights into the pathogenesis of interstitial nephritis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1999;8:287–292
  52. Cavallo T. Tubulointerstitial nephritis. In:  Jennette JC,  Olson JL,  Schwartz MM,  Silva FG editor. Heptinstall's pathology of the kidney. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998;p. 667–723
  53. Lai ASH, Lai KN. Viral nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract. 2006;2:254–262
  54. Kimmel PL, Barisoni L, Kopp JB. Pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-associated renal diseases: lessons from clinical and animal studies, molecular pathologic correlations, and genetic investigations. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:214–226
  55. Nickeleit V, Singh HK, Mihatsch MJ. Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2003;12:599–605
  56. Smith JM, McDonald RA, Finn LS, Healey PJ, Davis CL, Limaye AP. Polyomavirus nephropathy in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transpl. 2004;4:2109–2117
  57. Green M, Avery RK, Preiksaitis J. BK virus infection. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(Suppl):89–91
  58. Nickeleit V, Steigfer J, Mihatsch MJ. BK virus infection after kidney transplantation. Graft. 2002;5(Suppl):S46–S57
  59. Hirsch HH, Brennan DC, Drachenberg CB, Ginevri F, Gordon J, Limaye AP, et al. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations. Transplantation. 2005;79:1277–1286
  60. Proulz F, Socket P. Prospective surveillance of Canadian children with the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:786–790
  61. Gerber A, Karch H, Allerberger F, Verweyen HM, Zimmerhackl LB. Clinical course and the role of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997-2000 in Germany and Austria: a prospective study. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:493–500
  62. Verweyen HM, Karch H, Allerberger F, Zimmerhackl LB. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in pediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome: a prospective study in Germany and Austria. Infection. 1999;27:341–347
  63. Rowe PC, Orrbine E, Lior H, Wells GA, Yetisir E, Clulow M, et al. Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: results of a Canadian collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1998;132:777–782
  64. Scheiring J, Andreoli SP, Zimmerhackl LB. Treatment and outcome of Shiga-toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1749–1760
  65. Garg AX, Suri RS, Barrowman N, Rehman F, Matsell D, Rosas-Arellano MP, et al. Long term renal prognosis of diarrhea associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. JAMA. 2003;290:1360–1370
  66. Klein PJ, Bulla M, Newman RA, Muller P, Uhlenbruck G, Schaefer HE, et al. Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 1977;2:1024–1025
  67. Brandt J, Wong C, Mihm S, Roberts J, Smith J, Brewer E, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatrics. 2002;110:371–376
  68. Besbas N, Karpman D, Landau D, Loirat C, Proesmans W, Remuzzi G, et al. European Paediatric Research Group for HUS (A classification of hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related disorders). Kidney Int. 2006;70:423–431
  69. Noris M, Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Orisio S, Caprioli J, Skerka C, et al. Hypocomplementemia discloses genetic predisposition to hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: role of factor H abnormalities (Italian Registry of Familial and Recurrent Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura). J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:281–293
  70. Bresin E, Daina E, Noris M, Castelletti , Stafanov R, Hill P, et al. Outcome of renal transplantation in patients with non-Shiga toxin-associated haemolytic uremic syndrome (Prognostic significance of genetic background). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:88–99
  71. Landau D, Shalev H, Levy-Finer G, Polonsky A, Segev Y, Katchko L. Familial haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with complement factor H deficiency. J Pediatr. 2001;138:12–17
  72. Richards A, Kemp EJ, Liszewski MK, Goodship JA, Lampe AK, Decorte R, et al. Mutations in human complement regulator, membrane cofactor protein (CD46), predisposes to development of familial hemolytic uremic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:12966–12971
  73. Noris M, Brioschi S, Caprioli J, Todeschini M, Bresin E, Porrati F, et al. Familial hemolytic uremic syndrome and an MCP mutation. Lancet. 2003;362:1542–1547
  74. Licht C, Stapenhorst L, Simon T, Budde U, Schneppenheim R, Hoppe B. Two novel ADAMTS13 gene mutations in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic-uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS). Kidney Int. 2004;663:955–958
  75. Van Hove JLK, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Grunewald S, Peters H, Van Damme B, Fryns JP, et al. Cobalamin disorder cbl-C presenting with late-onset thrombotic microangiopathy. Am J Med Genet. 2002;111:195–201

PII: S0270-9295(09)00049-7

doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.012

Seminars in Nephrology
Volume 29, Issue 4 , Pages 360-369 , July 2009