Summary
Glomerular diseases account for a significant proportion of chronic kidney disease
in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The epidemiology of glomerulonephritis
is characterized inadequately in LMICs, largely owing to unavailable nephropathology
services or uncertainty of the safety of the kidney biopsy procedure. In contrast
to high-income countries where IgA nephropathy is the dominant primary glomerular
disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is common in large populations across
Latin America, Africa, Middle East, and South East Asia, while IgA nephropathy is
common in Chinese populations. Despite having a high prevalence of known genetic and
viral risk factors that trigger focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis also is common in adults and children in some African countries.
Treatment of glomerular diseases in adults and children in LMICs largely is dependent
on corticosteroids in combination with other immunosuppressive therapy, which often
is cyclophosphamide because of its ready availability and low cost of treatment, despite
significant adverse effects. Partial and/or complete remission status reported from
studies of glomerular disease subtypes vary across LMIC regions, with high rates of
kidney failure, mortality, and disease, and treatment complications often reported.
Improving the availability of nephropathology services and ensuring availability of
specific therapies are key measures to improving glomerular disease outcomes in LMICs.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Seminars in NephrologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
REFERENCES
- Worldwide distribution of glomerular diseases: the role of renal biopsy registries.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25: 334-336
- Glomerular disease frequencies by race, sex and region: results from the International Kidney Biopsy Survey.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018; 33: 661-669
- Epidemiology of histologically proven glomerulonephritis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0152203
- Hypothesis: dysregulation of immunologic balance resulting from hygiene and socioeconomic factors may influence the epidemiology and cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide.Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 42: 575-581
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and increased risk of membranous nephropathy in China.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27: 3739-3746
- Association of genetic polymorphisms of TGF-β1, HMOX1, and APOL1 with CKD in Nigerian patients with and without HIV.Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 76: 100-108
- An African perspective on the genetic risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.BMC Med Genet. 2018; 19: 187
- APOL1 at 10 years: progress and next steps.Kidney Int. 2021; 99: 1296-1302
- The spectrum of renal histologies seen in HIV with outcomes, prognostic indicators and clinical correlations.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012; 27: 4109-4118
- Histopathological pattern of kidney diseases among HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients in Kano, Nigeria.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2021; 14: 143-148
- Renal pathology practice globally: identifying needs and meeting the challenge.Kidney Int. 2019; 96: 258-261
- The burden of non-communicable diseases in South Africa.Lancet. 2009; 374: 934-947
- Overview of the burden of chronic kidney disease in Mexico: secondary data analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.BMJ Open. 2020; 10e035285
- Global disease burden from acute glomerulonephritis 1990-2019.Kidney Int Rep. 2021; 6: 2212-2217
- KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases.Kidney Int. 2021; 100: S1-S276
- Management and treatment of glomerular diseases (part 1): conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney Int. 2019; 95: 268-280
- Management and treatment of glomerular diseases (part 2): conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney Int. 2019; 95: 281-295
- Global access of patients with kidney disease to health technologies and medications: findings from the Global Kidney Health Atlas project.Kidney Int Suppl. 2018; 8: 64-73
- National survey found that managing childhood nephrotic syndrome in Nigeria varied widely and did not comply with the best evidence.Acta Paediatr. 2018; 107: 2193-2198
- Effectiveness and safety of cyclophosphamide or tacrolimus therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy.Intern Med J. 2020; 50: 612-619
- Comparison of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide with oral mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of lupus nephritis.Kidney Int. 2016; 89: 235-242
- Outcome predictors of biopsy-proven myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis.Front Immunol. 2020; 11607261
- Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults: response tosteroids and risk of renal failure.J Bras Nefrol. 2015; 37: 475-480
- Standard of treatment and outcomes of adults with lupus nephritis in Africa: a systematic review.Lupus. 2016; 25: 1269-1277
- The spectrum of biopsy-proven glomerular diseases among children in China: a national, cross-sectional survey.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 13: 1047-1054
- Pathological profile of biopsied Egyptian children with primary nephrotic syndrome: 15-year single center experience.J Nephrol. 2014; 27: 419-423
- Spectrum of biopsy proven renal disease in South Asian children: two decades at a tropical tertiary care centre.Nephrology (Carlton). 2018; 23: 1013-1022
- Spectrum of biopsy-proven kidney disease in children at a Jordanian Hospital.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2014; 25: 680-683
- Reversed clinical and morphologic characteristics of idiopathic childhood nephrotic syndrome.Int J Nephrol Urol. 2010; 2: 200-211
- Nephrotic syndrome among children in Kano: a clinicopathological study.Niger J Clin Pract. 2014; 17: 370-374
- Histopathological pattern in childhood glomerulonephritis.J Pak Med Assoc. 2010; 60: 1006-1009
- Pattern of glomerular diseases in Sudanese children: a clinico-pathological study.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2010; 21: 778-783
- Pattern of glomerular disease in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh.Mymensingh Med J. 2022; 31: 80-87
- The spectrum of biopsy-proven glomerular diseases in a tertiary Hospital in Southern Brazil.BMC Nephrol. 2021; 22: 414
- Renal biopsy findings in Iran: case series report from a referral kidney center.Int Urol Nephrol. 2010; 42: 1031-1040
- The spectrum of glomerular diseases in Mashhad according to kidney biopsy records.Iran J Kidney Dis. 2020; 14: 184-190
- Histopathological study of nephrotic syndrome in adults: a Moroccan report.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2018; 29: 643-648
- Initial experience of renal biopsy at a new nephrology center in eastern Nepal.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2021; 32: 815-820
- Pattern of renal diseases observed in native renal biopsies in adults in a single centre in Pakistan.Nephrology (Carlton). 2011; 16: 87-92
- Analysis of renal diseases detected in renal biopsies of adult patients: a single-center experience.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2017; 28: 368-378
- Renal biopsy registry from a single centre in Serbia: 20 years of experience.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009; 24: 877-885
- Patterns of renal disease in Cape Town South Africa: a 10-year review of a single-centre renal biopsy database.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26: 1853-1861
- Histological pattern of primary glomerular diseases among adult Sudanese patients: a single center experience.Indian J Nephrol. 2013; 23: 176-179
- An overview on frequency of renal biopsy diagnosis in Brazil: clinical and pathological patterns based on 9,617 native kidney biopsies.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25: 490-496
- Changes in the spectrum of kidney diseases: an analysis of 40,759 biopsy-proven cases from 2003 to 2014 in China.Kidney Dis (Basel). 2018; 4: 10-19
- Glomerular diseases in a Hispanic population: review of a regional renal biopsy database.Sao Paulo Med J. 2009; 127: 140-144
- Spectrum of glomerulonephritis in Egypt.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2000; 11: 421-429
- Etiology of kidney diseases with proteinuria in the Gambia/West Africa.Front Pediatr. 2022; 10854719
- Epidemiologic data of biopsy-proven renal diseases: experience from a single center in South India.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2019; 30: 478-491
- Spectrum of biopsy-proven renal disease in northern India: a single-centre study.Nephrology (Carlton). 2020; 25: 55-62
- A six-year survey of the spectrum of renal disorders on native kidney biopsy results in Central Iran and a review of literature.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2018; 29: 658-670
- Incidence of glomerulonephritis and non-diabetic end-stage renal disease in a developing middle-east region near armed conflict.BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19: 257
- Renal histological findings in adults in Jamaica.West Indian Med J. 2009; 58: 265-269
- A 5-year survey of biopsy proven kidney diseases in Lebanon: significant variation in prevalence of primary glomerular diseases by age, population structure and consanguinity.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25: 3962-3969
- [Epidemiology of glomerular disease in adults: a database review].Gac Med Mex. 2014; 150: 403-408
- Pattern of glomerular diseases in biopsy proven native kidney in Western Nepal.J Adv Intern Med. 2019; 8: 5-8
- Biopsy-proven renal disease in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: a histopathologic review.Indian J Nephrol. 2016; 26: 16-22
- Distinct patterns of glomerular disease in Lima, Peru.Clin Nephrol. 2000; 53: 325-332
- Histopathological profiles of nephropathies in Senegal.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2003; 14: 212-214
- Epidemiological features of primary glomerular disease in Turkey: a multicenter study by the Turkish Society of Nephrology Glomerular Diseases Working Group.BMC Nephrol. 2020; 21: 481
- Temporal and demographic trends in glomerular disease epidemiology in the southeastern United States, 1986-2015.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12: 614-623
- A global evolutionary trend of the frequency of primary glomerulonephritis over the past four decades.Kidney Dis (Basel). 2019; 5: 247-258
- Epidemiology of biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis in Queensland adults.Nephrology (Carlton). 2016; 21: 28-34
- Changing trends in presentation and indications of biopsy in lupus nephritis: data from the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis.Clin Kidney J. 2022; 15: 703-708
- Nephrology in Africa - not yet uhuru.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013; 9: 610-622
- The evolving role of novel biomarkers in glomerular disease: a review.Am J Kidney Dis. 2021; 77: 122-131
- International validation of a urinary biomarker panel for identification of active lupus nephritis in children.Pediatr Nephrol. 2017; 32: 283-295
- Novel biomarkers in glomerular disease.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2014; 21: 205-216
- Diagnostic performance of glomerular PLA2R and THSD7A antibodies in biopsy confirmed primary membranous nephropathy in South Africans.BMC Nephrol. 2021; 22: 15
- Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of uPAR as a biomarker in renal biopsies of patients with FSGS.Dis Markers. 2019; 20191070495
- Plasma soluble urokinase receptor levels are increased but do not distinguish primary from secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.Kidney Int. 2013; 84: 366-372
- The unique difference between serum level of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome children treated with an alkylating agent and calcineurin inhibitors.J Comprehens Pediatr. 2021; 12: e109912https://doi.org/10.5812/compreped.109912
- Urinary MCP-1 and TWEAK as non-invasive markers of disease activity and treatment response in patients with lupus nephritis in South Africa.Int Urol Nephrol. 2021; 53: 1865-1873
- Urinary osteoprotegerin: a potential biomarker of lupus nephritis disease activity.Lupus. 2016; 25: 1230-1236
- Urinary sCD25 as a biomarker of lupus nephritis disease activity.Lupus. 2015; 24: 273-279
- Serum and urinary interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 in lupus nephritis.J Clin Lab Anal. 2016; 30: 1135-1138
- Monocyte chemoattractant-1 as a urinary biomarker for the diagnosis of activity of lupus nephritis in Brazilian patients.J Rheumatol. 2012; 39: 1948-1954
- Urinary transforming growth factor-beta 1 (uTGF-β1) and prevalent CKD risk in HIV-positive patients in West Africa.Kidney Int Rep. 2019; 4: 1698-1704
- Noninvasive method of differentiating diabetic nephropathy and nondiabetic renal disease using serum bone morphogenetic protein-7 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.Saudi J Kidney Dis. 2019; 30: 1300-1309
- Safety and adequacy of percutaneous kidney biopsy performed by nephrology trainees.BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19: 14
- Native renal biopsies: complications and glomerular yield between radiologists and nephrologists.J Nephrol. 2005; 18: 553-558
- A systematic review of complications associated with percutaneous native kidney biopsies in adults in low- and middle-income countries.Kidney Int Rep. 2021; 6: 78-90
- Data challenges in addressing chronic kidney disease in low- and lower-middle-income countries.Kidney Int Rep. 2021; 6: 1503-1512
- Global coverage of health information systems for kidney disease: availability, challenges, and opportunities for development.Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2018; 8: 74-81
- Achieving procedural competence during nephrology fellowship training: current requirements and educational research.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11: 2244-2249
- Nephrology in South Africa: not yet ubuntu.Kidney Dis (Basel). 2019; 5: 189-196
- The predominance of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in childhood nephrotic syndrome in Ibadan, Nigeria.West Afr J Med. 1999; 18: 203-206
- Kidney disease in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive children: experience from a centre in south-west Nigeria and a review of the Nigerian literature.Paediatr Int Child Health. 2018; 38: 16-22
- Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and serum permeability factors: a molecular jigsaw puzzle.Cell Tissue Res. 2020; 379: 231-243
- The spectrum of FSGS: does pathology matter?.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25: 1034-1036
- Minimal change disease and idiopathic FSGS: manifestations of the same disease.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016; 12: 768-776
- Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.Nephrology (Carlton). 2007; 12: S11-S14
- APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 22: 2129-2137
- APOL1 genetic variants are not associated with longitudinal blood pressure in young black adults.Kidney Int. 2017; 92: 964-971
- MYH9 and APOL1 are both associated with sickle cell disease nephropathy.Br J Haematol. 2011; 155: 386-394
- Association of preeclampsia with infant APOL1 genotype in African Americans.BMC Med Genet. 2020; 21: 110
- Association of APOL1 risk alleles with cardiovascular disease in Blacks in the Million Veteran Program.Circulation. 2019; 140: 1031-1040
- APOL1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, and HDAC9 polymorphisms and small vessel ischemic stroke.Acta Neurol Scand. 2018; 137: 133-141
- Pattern of biopsy-proven kidney disease in the elderly in a tertiary care hospital in India: a clinicopathological study.Int Urol Nephrol. 2016; 48: 553-560
- Spectrum of biopsy-based renal disease in an elderly Turkish population.Clin Nephrol. 2022; 97: 46-52
- Kidney disease in elderly South Africans.Clin Nephrol. 2013; 79: 269-276
- Is immunoglobulin A nephropathy different in different ethnic populations?.Nephrology (Carlton). 2019; 24: 885-895
- Epidemiology of IgA nephropathy: a global perspective.Semin Nephrol. 2018; 38: 435-442
- The spectrum of biopsy-proven glomerular disease in China: a systematic review.Chin Med J (Engl). 2018; 131: 731-735
- Renal disease in HIV-seropositive patients in Nigeria: an assessment of prevalence, clinical features and risk factors.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23: 741-746
- Prevalence of nondiabetic renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with clinicopathological correlation: a study from a tertiary care center of Assam, India.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2020; 31: 831-839
- Hepatitis B virus burden in developing countries.World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21: 11941-11953
- Prevention of hepatitis B. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015; 5a021493
- [Epidemiology of glomerular diseases in Tunisia from 1975 to 2005. Influence of changes in healthcare and society].Bull Acad Natl Med. 2006; 190 (discussion 416-408): 403-416
- Glucocorticoids in the treatment of glomerular diseases: pitfalls and pearls.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 13: 815-822
- Primary FSGS in nephrotic adults: clinical profile, response to immunosuppression and outcome.Nephron. 2016; 132: 81-85
- Long-term results of two unconventional agents in steroid-dependent nephrotic children.Pediatr Nephrol. 2005; 20: 1420-1425
- Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in Egyptian children: a 10-year single-centre experience.Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25: 1369-1373
- Cyclosporine therapy in steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant idiopathic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2016; 27: 958-965
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children.Tunis Med. 2016; 94: 356-359
- A clinicopathologic study of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2012; 23: 513-520
- Single-centre experience with cyclosporin in 106 children with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20: 735-742
- A profile of minimal change nephropathy in adults at the Witwatersrand Academic Complex (2001–2010).Wits J Clin Med. 2020; 2: 13-18
- A prospective study of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.Ren Fail. 2016; 38: 894-898
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in paediatric population of south Punjab Pakistan: a tertiary care hospital experience.Pak J Med Sci. 2021; 37: 510-514
- Primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Sfax, Tunisia: epidemiologic profile and prognostic factors.Pan Afr Med J. 2021; 38: 218
- Three-year clinical outcomes of the first South Asian prospective longitudinal observational IgA nephropathy cohort.Kidney Int Rep. 2022; 7: 305-318
- Out of Africa: complete and partial remissions as a combined outcome in patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in Cape Town.Nephrology (Carlton). 2016; 21: 1010-1016
- Long-term renal outcome and complications in South Africans with proliferative lupus nephritis.Int Urol Nephrol. 2013; 45: 1289-1300
- Clinicopathologic features and the association with short-term outcome of primary membranous nephropathy in children: a single-center study from Pakistan.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2020; 31: 1078-1084
- Low-dose rituximab therapy in resistant idiopathic membranous nephropathy: single-center experience.Clin Kidney J. 2018; 11: 337-341
- Cyclosporine in the treatment of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Arch Iran Med. 2008; 11: 26-29
- Outcome results in children with IgA nephropathy: a single center experience.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2012; 5: 23-28
- Presentation and treatment outcomes of 100 lupus nephritis patients: single center study.Mymensingh Med J. 2016; 25: 308-315
- Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2016; 27: 717-725
- Therapy and outcomes of C3 glomerulopathy and immune-complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Pediatr Nephrol. 2021; 36: 591-600
- Short-term outcome of clinical and histopathologic variants of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in children: a retrospective analysis from a tertiary care center.J Pak Med Assoc. 2018; 68: 1199-1204
- Outcome of patients with primary immune-complex type mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) in Cape Town South Africa.PLoS One. 9. 2014e113302
- Primary membranous nephropathy in children and adolescents: a single-centre report from South Asia.Pediatr Nephrol. 2021; 36: 1217-1226
- Clinical and histopathological features and short-term outcomes of lupus nephritis: a prospective study of 100 Egyptian patients.Lupus. 2020; 29: 993-1001
- Low dose mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide in the induction therapy of lupus nephritis in Nepalese population: a randomized control trial.BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19: 175
- Initial renal histology and early response predict outcomes of Brazilian lupus nephritis patients.Lupus. 2020; 29: 83-91
- Long-term renal outcomes of mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis in Chinese patients.Clin Rheumatol. 2022; 41: 429-436
- Clinical outcomes of IgA nephropathy patients with different proportions of crescents.Medicine. 2017; 96: e6190
- Childhood idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome at a single center in Khartoum.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2017; 28: 851-859
- Does cyclophosphamide still play a role in glomerular diseases?.Autoimmun Rev. 2018; 17: 1022-1027
- Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 2Cd003233
- A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 444-450
- Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 11Cd004293
- The STARMEN trial indicates that alternating treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide is superior to sequential treatment with tacrolimus and rituximab in primary membranous nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2021; 99: 986-998
- Treatment of IgA nephropathy in children: a land without KDIGO guidance.Pediatr Nephrol. 2021; 36: 491-496
- Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies three novel susceptibility loci and reveals ethnic heterogeneity of genetic susceptibility for IgA nephropathy.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 31: 2949-2963
- Intensive supportive care plus immunosuppression in IgA nephropathy.N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2225-2236
- After ten years of follow-up, no difference between supportive care plus immunosuppression and supportive care alone in IgA nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2020; 98: 1044-1052
- Effect of oral methylprednisolone on clinical outcomes in patients with IgA nephropathy: the TESTING randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2017; 318: 432-442
- Effect of oral methylprednisolone on decline in kidney function or kidney failure in patients with IgA nephropathy: the TESTING randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2022; 327: 1888-1898
- Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 3Cd003965
- An update on targeted treatment of IgA nephropathy: an autoimmune perspective.Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12715253
- The efficacy of tonsillectomy on clinical remission and relapse in patients with IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial.Ren Fail. 2016; 38: 242-248
- Mycophenolate mofetil in C3 glomerulopathy and pathogenicdrivers of the disease.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 15: 1287-1298
- The value of repeat biopsy in lupus nephritis flares.Medicine. 2017; 96: e7099
- The clinical relevance of repeat renal biopsies in the management of lupus nephritis: a South African experience.Lupus. 2018; 27: 525-535
- Clinico-pathological features of repeat renal biopsies in patients with lupus nephritis at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.Lupus. 2017; 26: 1339-1346
- Contribution of clinically indicated repeat renal biopsy in Indian patients with lupus nephritis.Indian J Nephrol. 2020; 30: 377-381
- The use of serological tests in the care of patients with lupus nephritis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022; 17: 305-307
- The effects of add-on corticosteroids on renal outcomes in patients with biopsy proven HIV associated nephropathy: a single centre study from South Africa.BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20: 44
- Glomerular involvement in adults with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: prevalence and clinical correlates of progressive renal failure.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17: 2228-2235
- The glomerulopathy of sickle cell disease.Am J Hematol. 2014; 89: 907-914
- Glomerular lesions in patients with sickle cell disease.Medicine. 2010; 89: 18-27
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for proteinuria and microalbuminuria in people with sickle cell disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 12Cd009191
- Changes in urine albumin to creatinine ratio with the initiation of hydroxyurea therapy among children and adolescents with sickle cell disease.Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017; 64
- Six months of hydroxyurea reduces albuminuria in patients with Sickle cell disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27: 1847-1853
- Identifying outcomes important to patients with glomerular disease and their caregivers.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 15: 673-684
- Health-related quality of life in glomerular disease.Kidney Int. 2019; 95: 1209-1224
- Racial-ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among adults and children with glomerular disease.Glomerular Dis. 2021; 1: 105-117
Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 10, 2023
Footnotes
Financial disclosure and conflict of interest statements: none.
Identification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
